The Himalayas (Sanskrit Himalaya - place of snows) is the highest mountain system on the globe, located in the regions of India, China, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan, between the Tibetan highlands in the north and the Hindgang plain in the south. Uz. More than 2400 km, width up to 350 km. The average score of the ranges. 6000 m, the highest point is 8848 m (see Jomolungma peak). The height of 11 peaks is more than 8000 m. H. has clear morphological and natural geographical boundaries: the transverse tectonic valleys of the upper reaches of the Indus and Sangpo (Brahmaputra) rivers in the north, the Hinduraj ridge in the northwest, and the Brahmaputra river gorge in the east. H. — Central Asian deserts and Jan. It is a major orographic, climatic and flora barrier between Asian tropical land-shafts.
H. It rises steeply from the Hindgang plain in the form of 3 large steps. The 1st stage consists of the Sivalik (Old H., average height 900–1200 m) range, strongly broken by river gorges. Small (Low) H. mountains, consisting of individual mountain ranges and ridges of the 2nd level. separated by glacial valleys (Kathmandu, Srinagar, etc.).
It, in turn, divides into As-Som, Nepal, and Punjab ranges. There is a large glacier (area 33 thousand km²). H. was formed during the alpine orogeny, and the southern highland part is made of sandstone and conglomerates, and the bottom slope and axis part is made of gneiss, crystalline shale and metamorphic rocks.
Among minerals, there are deposits of copper, gold, chromite, sapphire in connection with the complex of magmatic and metamorphic rocks in Kichik and Katta H. Oil and gas deposits have been identified in H. Togoldi bend.
H.It is a sharp climatic boundary between the equatorial monsoons of India and the continental land of Central Asia. The climate of the western sector of H. is characterized by sharp temperature fluctuations and strong winds. Winter is cold, the average temperature in January is -10°, -18°, there are snow storms above 2500 m. The summer is warm, the average temperature in July is around 18°C, and it is dry. The amount of precipitation depends on cyclones (about 1000 mm per year), it falls 3-4 times less in valleys and streams than on mountain slopes.
Many climatic resorts of India are located in the west of H. at an altitude of 1800–2200 m. The eastern part has a relatively hot and humid monsoon climate. In summer, the temperature rises to 35° on the slopes above 1500 m, and to 45° in the valleys. It rains almost non-stop. Rain falls from 2500 mm in the west of the southern slopes to 5500 mm in the east, and about 1000 mm in the interior regions. The northern slopes of H. have a cold mountain climate.
There are many rivers and streams, mainly on the southern slopes of H., and they are fed by snow and glaciers in the upper part, and rainwater in the lower part. The valleys are deep and narrow, there are many waterfalls and thresholds. Lakes formed by the melting of glaciers in tectonic depressions or lowlands are mainly located in the western part of H. The longest glaciers are Jomolungma and Kanchen-janga. The lower limit of glaciers is 2500 m in Kashmir, 4000 m in the central part.
The landscape of H. is diverse. The elevation region is clearly visible. The swampy forest of the foothills - from the terayas, up to 1000-1200 m altitude on the windward slopes and river valleys, evergreen sernam tropical forests, evergreen broad-leaved forests at 1200-1500 m, deciduous and coniferous forests of the temperate region above 2200 m, At 2700–3600 m there are coniferous forests, at 3600–5000 m, in some places up to 6000 m there are subalpine and alpine meadows. Sparse xerophytic forests and shrublands, deciduous monsoon forests, and subtropical species characteristic of the Mediterranean Sea are scattered on the western slopes. The northern slopes are mountain-desert landscapes - sparse dry grass and bushes, and poplars grow in the river valleys.
Above 5000 m is the glacial-nival region. The soils are black-mud swamp, red-brown, forest-brown, brown-brown podzol and mountain meadow soils. In the lower part of the slopes of the mountain, in the terayas, there are large mammals - elephants, rhinoceroses, buffaloes, wild boars, antelopes; tiger, leopard from predators; monkeys live. Rich in bird species.
On the northern slopes, there is a lot of Tibetan fauna - Himalayan bear, wild goat, arkhar, ibex and rodents. Farming is done on the slopes up to 2500 m. Plantation economy is developed. Rice is grown on irrigated terraces. Barley is grown up to 4500 m altitude in Northern H. Al-Pinism flourished (mainly in Nepal).
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